{"id":1654,"date":"2019-03-24T18:42:41","date_gmt":"2019-03-24T18:42:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/?p=1654"},"modified":"2021-11-14T20:34:12","modified_gmt":"2021-11-14T20:34:12","slug":"install-zabbix-4-ubuntu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/install-zabbix-4-ubuntu\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Install Zabbix 4.0 on Ubuntu 18.04 &#038; 16.04"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Zabbix<\/strong> is one of the most popular open-source monitoring software tools. With Zabbix you can monitor virtual machines, cloud services, networks and other various IT components.<\/p>\n<p>Zabbix collects large amounts of data and helps with better understanding it by displaying it in a more readable format. Some of the metrics that Zabbix helps you monitor include network utilization, CPU load and disk space consumption.<\/p>\n<p>The Zabbix agent has a small footprint and can run on multiple platforms, including Linux, UNIX, macOS and Windows.<\/p>\n<p>In this tutorial we install <strong>Zabbix 4.0 on an Ubuntu 18.04 or 16.04 machine<\/strong>. There is a single step that differentiates the install process for these two distros.<\/p>\n<p>For additional info, you can also check the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zabbix.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Zabbix Homepage<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"prerequisites\">Prerequisites<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>To follow this tutorial we should assume that you have either <code>LEMP Stack<\/code> or <code>LAMP Stack<\/code> installed on your Ubuntu 18.04 \/ 16.04 machine. We provide quick instructions on how to set up <code>LAMP Stack<\/code> in <strong>Step 1<\/strong> of this tutorial, for your convenience, but for a more detailed instructions you can check one of the following tutorials:<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/install-lamp-stack-ubuntu-18-04\/\">How to Install LAMP (Apache, MySQL, PHP) Stack on Ubuntu 18.04<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/install-linux-nginx-mariadb-php-lemp-stack-on-an-ubuntu-18-04-vps\/\">Install Linux, Nginx, MariaDB &amp; PHP7.3 (LEMP Stack) on an Ubuntu 18.04 VPS<\/a><\/li>\n<li>You are logged in as a non-root sudo user. If you need help, then please do follow our tutorial on <a href=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/create-sudo-user-ubuntu\/\">how to create sudo users on Ubuntu<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"step-1-add-zabbix-repositories\">Step 1 &#8211; Add Zabbix Repositories<\/h2>\n<p>Before installing Zabbix, we&#8217;ll first have to add the required repositories to our system. To do so, run the following commands, depending on your operating system:<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"ubuntu-18-04-bionic-beaver\">Ubuntu 18.04 (Bionic Beaver)<\/h4>\n<pre><code>$ cd \/tmp\n$ wget https:\/\/repo.zabbix.com\/zabbix\/4.0\/ubuntu\/pool\/main\/z\/zabbix-release\/zabbix-release_4.0-2+bionic_all.deb\n$ sudo dpkg -i zabbix-release_4.0-2+bionic*.deb<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4 id=\"ubuntu-16-04-xenial-xerus\">Ubuntu 16.04 (Xenial Xerus)<\/h4>\n<pre><code>$ cd \/tmp\nwget https:\/\/repo.zabbix.com\/zabbix\/4.0\/ubuntu\/pool\/main\/z\/zabbix-release\/zabbix-release_4.0-2+xenial_all.deb\nsudo dpkg -i zabbix-release_4.0-2+xenial*.deb<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2 id=\"step-2-install-zabbix\">Step 2 &#8211; Install Zabbix<\/h2>\n<p>Now that the required repositories have been added, we can go ahead and run the commands to install Zabbix.<\/p>\n<p>First we update our package index:<\/p>\n<pre><code>$ sudo apt update<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>And install Zabbix along with a few other required packages:<\/p>\n<pre><code>$ sudo apt install zabbix-server-mysql zabbix-agent zabbix-frontend-php php7.2-bcmath<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2 id=\"step-3-create-a-database-for-zabbix\">Step 3 &#8211; Create a Database for Zabbix<\/h2>\n<p>With Zabbix installed, we&#8217;ll now create a database for our Zabbix server. Basically we&#8217;re creating an empty database that Zabbix will use to manage data.<\/p>\n<p>Log onto the MariaDB\/MySQL server (depending which you installed), by running the following command.<\/p>\n<pre><code>$ sudo mysql -u root -p<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>You&#8217;ll probably be presented with a prompt where you submit your MariaDB\/MySQL <code>root password<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>Assuming you&#8217;ve logged into the database server, we&#8217;ll now create the database and user that Zabbix can use:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Create a database. We&#8217;ll call it <code>zabbix_db<\/code> but you can call it whatever you want.\n<pre><code>MariaDB [(none)]&gt; CREATE DATABASE zabbix_db character set utf8 collate utf8_bin;<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>Create a user that will manage the database and assign it a <a href=\"https:\/\/passwordsgenerator.net\/\">strong password<\/a>. We&#8217;ll call it <code>zabbix_user<\/code> but you can call it whatever you want, and we&#8217;ll assign it the password <code>F&amp;j3e^!yV}A\"tC\/T<\/code>.\n<pre><code>MariaDB [(none)]&gt; CREATE USER 'zabbix_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'F&amp;j3e^!yV}A\"tC\/T';<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>Now grant the user <code>zabbix_user<\/code> full access to the database, so it can manage it:\n<pre><code>MariaDB [(none)]&gt; GRANT ALL ON zabbix_db.* TO 'zabbix_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'F&amp;j3e^!yV}A\"tC\/T' WITH GRANT OPTION;<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>Finally, we&#8217;ll reload the <strong>grant<\/strong> tables in the database, thus enabling the changes to take effect without restarting the mysql service, and exit:\n<pre><code>MariaDB [(none)]&gt; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;\nMariaDB [(none)]&gt; exit;<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 id=\"step-4-configure-zabbix\">Step 4 &#8211; Configure Zabbix<\/h2>\n<p>Now we can configure Zabbix.<\/p>\n<p>First, we&#8217;ll configure it to use the database and user we just created. To do this, open the Zabbix config file using your favorite text editor ( I&#8217;m a <code>nano<\/code> guy myself):<\/p>\n<pre><code>$ sudo nano \/etc\/zabbix\/zabbix_server.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>We&#8217;ll set the <code>DBName<\/code>, <code>DBUser<\/code> and <code>DBPassword<\/code>. I&#8217;ll set them with the database, user and password I created earlier.<\/p>\n<pre><code>#       Database name.\n#       For SQLite3 path to database file must be provided. DBUser and DBPassword are ignored.\n#\n# Mandatory: yes\n# Default:\n# DBName=\n\nDBName=zabbix_db\n\n### Option: DBSchema\n#       Schema name. Used for IBM DB2 and PostgreSQL.\n#\n# Mandatory: no\n# Default:\n# DBSchema=\n\n### Option: DBUser\n#       Database user. Ignored for SQLite.\n#\n# Mandatory: no\n# Default:\n# DBUser=\n\nDBUser=zabbix_user\n\n### Option: DBPassword\n#       Database password. Ignored for SQLite.\n#       Comment this line if no password is used.\n#\n# Mandatory: no\n# Default:\nDBPassword= F&amp;j3e^!yV}A\"tC\/T<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Save the file and exit when you&#8217;re done.<\/p>\n<p><strong>IMPORTANT:<\/strong> We need to import initial schema and data for the server with MySQL. To do this, run the following, after which you&#8217;ll be prompted to enter the newly created database user password &#8211; in our case it&#8217;s <code>F&amp;j3e^!yV}A\"tC\/T<\/code><\/p>\n<pre><code>$ zcat \/usr\/share\/doc\/zabbix-server-mysql\/create.sql.gz | mysql -uzabbix_user -p zabbix_db<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>OPTIONAL:<\/strong> You can also change add a<code>hostname<\/code> for when we access Zabbix. To do this, open the Zabbix agent using your favorite text editor and change the <code>hostname<\/code>. If you don&#8217;t do this step, you can still access Zabbix by visiting <code>http:\/\/your_IP_or_domain\/zabbix<\/code><\/p>\n<pre><code>$ sudo nano \/etc\/zabbix\/zabbix_agentd.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>And add a hostname for your server. In the example we&#8217;ve added <code>zabbix<\/code> as the subdomain, but you can add whatever you want:<\/p>\n<pre><code># Mandatory: no\n# Default:\n# Hostname=\n\nHostname=zabbix.your_domain.com<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Save and close the file when you&#8217;re done.<\/p>\n<p>Another configuration we&#8217;ll need to do is configure the <code>date.timezone<\/code> in <code>php.ini<\/code> for Zabbix.<\/p>\n<p>To do this, open <code>\/etc\/php\/7.2\/apache2\/php.ini<\/code> in your favorite text editor, find <code>;date.timezone =<\/code> and uncomment it by removing the <code>;<\/code> at the beginning of the line. Then change it to the one you prefer &#8211; you can find a <a href=\"http:\/\/php.net\/manual\/en\/timezones.php\">list of timezones here<\/a>. I changed it to <code>date.timezone = \"US\/Central\"<\/code>, for example.<\/p>\n<p>And we&#8217;re done with configuring Zabbix. We can now proceed to complete the install in the browser.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"step-5-complete-zabbix-install-wizard\">Step 5 &#8211; Complete Zabbix Install Wizard<\/h2>\n<p>To complete installing Zabbix in the browser, visit your server IP or the domain you assigned followed by <code>\/zabbix<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>We didn&#8217;t add a domain, so we&#8217;re just visiting our IP, such as <code>http:\/\/123.123.123.123\/zabbix<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>You&#8217;ll be greeted by the Zabbix setup page. You can click on <code>Next Page<\/code> to continue the setup.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/install-zabbix-4-ubuntu\/zabbix_wizard_1\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1655\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"965\" height=\"778\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1655\" src=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_1.png\" alt=\"zabbix_install_wizard_1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_1.png 965w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_1-300x242.png 300w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_1-768x619.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 965px) 100vw, 965px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>In the second step the Zabbix setup wizard is checking if all requirements are met. As we can see in the screenshot everything&#8217;s OK.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"note\"><p><small><strong>NOTE:<\/strong>If you get an issue then please do let us know down in the comments along with a screenshot and we&#8217;ll try to help.<\/small><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/install-zabbix-4-ubuntu\/zabbix_wizard_2\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1656\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"969\" height=\"782\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1656\" src=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_2.png\" alt=\"zabbix_install_wizard_2\" srcset=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_2.png 969w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_2-300x242.png 300w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_2-768x620.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 969px) 100vw, 969px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>On the <strong>Configure DB Connection<\/strong> page we&#8217;re asked to provide the Zabbix wizard with the database, user and password we created just earlier.<\/p>\n<p>In our case, they are <code>zabbix_db<\/code>, <code>zabbix_user<\/code> and <code>F&amp;j3e^!yV}A\"tC\/T<\/code><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/install-zabbix-4-ubuntu\/zabbix_wizard_3\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1657\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"971\" height=\"781\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1657\" src=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_3.png\" alt=\"zabbix_install_wizard_3\" srcset=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_3.png 971w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_3-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_3-768x618.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 971px) 100vw, 971px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Now type the Zabbix server name. In our case it was the IP of our server.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/install-zabbix-4-ubuntu\/zabbix_wizard_4\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1658\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"972\" height=\"781\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1658\" src=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_4.png\" alt=\"zabbix_install_wizard_4\" srcset=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_4.png 972w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_4-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_4-768x617.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 972px) 100vw, 972px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>You&#8217;ll be presented with a summary of what we just configured so you can get a good look without finalizing the installation. If everything looks on to you then you can proceed.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/install-zabbix-4-ubuntu\/zabbix_wizard_5\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1659\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"969\" height=\"780\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1659\" src=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_5.png\" alt=\"zabbix_install_wizard_5\" srcset=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_5.png 969w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_5-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_5-768x618.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 969px) 100vw, 969px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>And Zabbix has been successfully installed.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/install-zabbix-4-ubuntu\/zabbix_wizard_6\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1660\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"973\" height=\"785\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1660\" src=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_6.png\" alt=\"zabbix_install_wizard_6\" srcset=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_6.png 973w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_6-300x242.png 300w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_6-768x620.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 973px) 100vw, 973px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Now you can log into your Zabbix dashboard.<\/p>\n<p>The initial credentials are the following ( case sensitive ):<\/p>\n<p><strong>Username:<\/strong> <code>Admin<\/code><\/p>\n<p><strong>Password:<\/strong> <code>zabbix<\/code><\/p>\n<p>You can change them in your profile in the dashboard. You can also change the Zabbix dashboard, as I&#8217;ve done below.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/install-zabbix-4-ubuntu\/zabbix_wizard_7\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1661\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1048\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1661\" src=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_7.png\" alt=\"zabbix_install_wizard_7\" srcset=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_7.png 1920w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_7-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_7-1024x559.png 1024w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_7-768x419.png 768w, https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zabbix_wizard_7-1536x838.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"conclusion\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>If you&#8217;ve made it this far, then congratulations. You&#8217;ve successfully installed <strong>Zabbix 4.0 on an Ubuntu 18.04 \/ 16.04 server<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>We hope this tutorial has been useful to you and if you&#8217;ve run into any issue don&#8217;t hesitate to contact us in the comment section below and we&#8217;ll try to help as soon as possible.<\/p>\n<p>Cheers!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zabbix is one of the most popular open-source monitoring software tools. With Zabbix you can monitor virtual machines, cloud services, networks and other various IT components. Zabbix collects large amounts of data and helps with better understanding it by displaying it in a more readable format. Some of the metrics that Zabbix helps you monitor [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1671,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[64,22],"tags":[95,34,94],"class_list":["post-1654","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-open-source","category-ubuntu","tag-monitoring","tag-ubuntu","tag-zabbix"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"featured_image_urls_v2":{"full":["https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/How-to-Install-Zabbix-4.0-on-Ubuntu-18.04-16.04.png",1024,512,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/How-to-Install-Zabbix-4.0-on-Ubuntu-18.04-16.04-150x150.png",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/How-to-Install-Zabbix-4.0-on-Ubuntu-18.04-16.04-300x150.png",300,150,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/How-to-Install-Zabbix-4.0-on-Ubuntu-18.04-16.04-768x384.png",768,384,true],"large":["https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/How-to-Install-Zabbix-4.0-on-Ubuntu-18.04-16.04.png",1024,512,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/How-to-Install-Zabbix-4.0-on-Ubuntu-18.04-16.04.png",1024,512,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/How-to-Install-Zabbix-4.0-on-Ubuntu-18.04-16.04.png",1024,512,false],"pk-small":["https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/How-to-Install-Zabbix-4.0-on-Ubuntu-18.04-16.04-80x80.png",80,80,true],"pk-thumbnail":["https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/How-to-Install-Zabbix-4.0-on-Ubuntu-18.04-16.04-300x225.png",300,225,true]},"post_excerpt_stackable_v2":"<p>Zabbix is one of the most popular open-source monitoring software tools. With Zabbix you can monitor virtual machines, cloud services, networks and other various IT components. Zabbix collects large amounts of data and helps with better understanding it by displaying it in a more readable format. Some of the metrics that Zabbix helps you monitor include network utilization, CPU load and disk space consumption. The Zabbix agent has a small footprint and can run on multiple platforms, including Linux, UNIX, macOS and Windows. In this tutorial we install Zabbix 4.0 on an Ubuntu 18.04 or 16.04 machine. There is a&hellip;<\/p>\n","category_list_v2":"<a href=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/category\/open-source\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Open-source<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/category\/ubuntu\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Ubuntu<\/a>","author_info_v2":{"name":"Vlad","url":"https:\/\/draculaservers.com\/tutorials\/author\/vlad\/"},"comments_num_v2":"0 comments","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How to Install Zabbix 4.0 on Ubuntu 18.04 &amp; 16.04 - Dracula Servers<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Zabbix is one of the most popular open-source monitoring software tools. 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